A pathogenic bacterium that is one of the main causes of losses in animal production. Incorrect zoo hygienic conditions, overuse of antibiotics and immunosuppression contribute to the occurrence of infections. 

E. coli bacteria cause : 

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• Omphalitis and yolk sac inflammation, respiratory colibacillosis, colisepticemia and colibacillosis of the reproductive organs in poultry.

• Edema disease of weaned piglets (ED) with post-weaning diarrhea. 

• Postpartum agalactia and mastitis in lactating sows.

• Severe diarrhea and septicemia in calves. 

• Udder inflammation in cows known as coli mastitis.

Clostridium perfringens is responsible for enterotoxemia in sheep and goat

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• Major economic obstacles facing developing countries are attributable to the high fatality rate, decreased productivity, and increased treatment costs.

• In broilers, it causes clinical or subclinical necrotic enteritis perfringens that leads to decreased digestion and absorption, reduced weight gain and increased feed conversion ratio.

Staphylococcus aureus is the main causative agent of mastitis in cattle, sheep, goats and horses

Mastitis in dairy cows causes: 

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• A significant economic loss to the dairy industry. 

• Reduction in the milk yield, changes in milk composition, shortens the productive life of affected cows, and is very costly to the dairy farmer. 

• Losses in total milk production from 5.0 to 25.0%, with one extreme of 83.9%

The bacteria may also cause:​​​

• Dermatitis in sheep and goats.

• Botryomycosis in pigs and horses, and suppurative infections in cats and dogs. 

W USA, według szacunków CDC* (Atlanta), każdego roku bakterie Salmonella powodują około:

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• 1,35 miliona zakażeń.

• 26 500 hospitalizacji.

• 420 zgonów.

• Źródłem większości tych chorób jest żywność.

Fish mortality is a major economic issue in aquaculture

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• The total loss to the aquaculture sector world wide has been estimated to be more than USD 6 billion per annum.

• One of the leading causes of mortality in farmed fish are infections caused by Pseudomonas  spp. and Aeromonas spp. bacteria.

• These bacteria can cause more than 20% mortality in juvenile populations of species like carp, eel, catfish, salmon, trout.

• More than 90% of bacteria that developed in saltwater are multi-antibiotic resistant, and 20% are at least resistant to a single antibiotic.

Microorganisms cause many clinical changes in the respiratory system. 

Mycoplasmas, as pathogens, spread vertically and horizontally.

Mycoplasmosis avium infections are a significant cause of losses in:

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• Chickens with Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

• Turkeys with Mycoplasma meleagridis.

• Pigeons with Mycoplasma columborale.